Provided is a tail protein channel-based nanopore component, which comprises a first electrically-conductive liquid area and a second electrically-conductive liquid area. The first electrically-conductive liquid area is separated from the second electrically-conductive liquid area by a double-layered insulating membrane. A tail protein channel is provided on the double-layered insulating membrane. The tail protein channel is sourced from a viral and cellular bacteriophage and serves as a nanopore inserted into the lipid- or polymer-based membrane. When a voltage is applied to the double-layered insulating membrane, a current is generated with ions passing through the nanopore, the characteristics of an analyte can be learned by detecting a current signal or a light signal; this is applicable in disease detection and in nucleic acid and protein sequencing. Moreover, the tail protein channel can provide stronger hydrophobicity and detection capability by means of mutation, thus increasing the stability, sensitivity, detection accuracy, and embeddedness of the component, and expanding the range of applications.